Remembered
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Intef I
22nd century BC – 2121 BC
Statesperson
Sehertawy Intef I was a local nomarch at Thebes during the early First Intermediate Period and later an ancient Egyptian pharaoh. He was the first member of the…
Pepi II Neferkare
23rd century BC – 2180s BC
Statesperson
Pepi II Neferkare (2284 BC – after 2247 BC, probably either c. 2216 or c. 2184 BC) was a king of the Sixth Dynasty in Egypt's Old Kingdom. His second name, Nefe…
Nitocris
23rd century BC – 2192 BC
Statesperson
Nitocris (Greek: Νίτωκρις) possibly was the last queen of the Sixth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. Her name is found in writings long considered as relatively accura…
Gudea
22nd century BC – 22nd century BC
Sovereign
Gudea (, goo-DAY-ə; Sumerian: 𒅗𒌤𒀀, Gu3-de2-a; died c. 2124 BC) was a Sumerian ruler (ensi) of the state of Lagash in Southern Mesopotamia, who ruled or c. 21…
Mentuhotep I
22nd century BC – 22nd century BC
Statesperson
Mentuhotep I (also Mentuhotep-aa, i.e. "the Great") may have been a Theban nomarch and independent ruler of Upper Egypt during the early First Intermediate Per…
Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
23rd century BC – 22nd century BC
Sovereign
Below is a refined memorial biography for Merenre Nemtyemsaf II, based strictly on verified information from reliable sources. I have preserved only well-suppor…
Utu-hengal
22nd century BC – 22nd century BC
Sovereign
Utu-hengal (Sumerian: 𒀭𒌓𒃶𒅅, Dutu-ḫe₂-g̃al₂; died c. 2112 BC), also written Utu-heg̃al, Utu-heĝal, and sometimes transcribed as Utu-hegal, Utu-hejal, Utu-Khe…
Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
23rd century BC – 2245 BC
Sovereign
Merenre Nemtyemsaf (meaning 'Beloved of Ra, Nemty is his protection') was an Ancient Egyptian pharaoh and the fourth king of the Sixth Dynasty. He ruled Egypt f…
Pepi I Meryre
24th century BC – 2250 BC
Sovereign
Pepi I Meryre (also Pepy I) was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh, third king of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt, who ruled for over 40 years at the turn of the 24th and 2…
Manishtushu
— – 2255 BC
Sovereign
Manishtushu (Man-ištušu) (𒈠𒀭𒅖𒌅𒋢, Ma-an-ish-tu-su; died c. 2255 BC) was the third king of the Akkadian Empire, reigning 15 years c. 2270 BC until his death…
Neferkare Neby
23rd century BC – 23rd century BC
Sovereign
Neferkare Neby (also Neferkare III; died c. 2196 BC) was an ancient Egyptian king of the Seventh or Eighth Dynasty during the early First Intermediate Period (2…
Enheduanna
23rd century BC – 23rd century BC
Poet, Writer, Priest, Philosopher
Enheduanna (Sumerian: 𒂗𒃶𒌌𒀭𒈾 Enḫéduanna, also transliterated as Enheduana, En-he2-du7-an-na, or variants; fl. c. 2300 BC) was the entu (high) priestess of t…
Sargon of Akkad
24th century BC – 23rd century BC
Sovereign, Cup-bearer
Here is an improved, concise, and well-supported memorial-style biography of Sargon of Akkad, based strictly on reliable historical sources: Sargon of Akkad (c…
Teti
24th century BC – 2300 BC
Statesperson
Teti, less commonly known as Othoes, sometimes also Tata, Atat, or Athath in outdated sources (died c. 2333 BC), was the first king of the Sixth Dynasty of Egyp…
Userkare
25th century BC – 2330 BC
Statesperson
Userkare (meaning "Powerful is the soul of Ra"; also Woserkare) was the second king of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt during the Old Kingdom Period. He reigned bri…
Lugal-zage-si
— – 2335 BC
Sovereign, Monarch, King
Lugal-Zage-Si (LUGAL.ZAG.GE.SI 𒈗𒍠𒄀𒋛; frequently spelled Lugalzaggesi, sometimes Lugalzagesi or "Lugal-Zaggisi") of Umma (died c. 2334 BC) was the last Sumer…
Unas
2375 BC – 2350 BC
Statesperson
Unas or Wenis, also spelled Unis (Ancient Egyptian: wnjs, hellenized form Oenas or Onnos; died c. 2345 BC), was a king, the ninth and last ruler of the Fifth…
Djedkare Isesi
25th century BC – 2380 BC
Statesperson
Djedkare Isesi (known in Greek as Tancheres) was a pharaoh, the eighth and penultimate ruler of the Fifth Dynasty of Egypt in the late 25th century to mid-24th…
Ptahhotep
25th century BC – 24th century BC
Philosopher
Ptahhotep (Ancient Egyptian: ptḥ ḥtp "Peace of Ptah"; fl. c. 2400 BC), sometimes referred to as Ptahhotep I or Ptahhotpe, was a vizier during the reign of Djedk…
Menkauhor Kaiu
25th century BC – 2420 BC
Sovereign
Menkauhor Kaiu (also known as Ikauhor and in Greek as Mencherês, Μεγχερῆς) was an Ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Old Kingdom period. He was the seventh ruler o…