Remembered

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Manuel I of Trebizond

1218 – 1263

Monarch

Manuel I Megas Komnenos (Greek: Μανουὴλ Κομνηνός; died March 1263) was the Emperor of Trebizond from 1238 until his death. He was the son of Emperor Alexios I a…

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Al-Mustansir II

1190s – 1261

Ruler, Caliph

Abū'l-Qāsim Aḥmad ibn al-Ẓāhir (Arabic: أبو القاسم أحمد بن الظاهر; died 28 November 1261), better known by his regnal name al-Mustanṣir (II) bi-llāh (Arabic: ال…

Pope Alexander IV

12th century – 1261

Catholic priest, Catholic bishop

Pope Alexander IV (Italian: Alessandro IV; c. 1185 or 1199 – 25 May 1261), born Rinaldo di Jenne, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States…

Qutuz

— – 1260

Military leader, Governor

Sayf ad-Din Qutuz (Arabic: سيف الدين قطز; died 24 October 1260), also romanized as Kutuz or Kotuz and fully al-Malik al-Muẓaffar Sayf ad-Dīn Quṭuz (الملك المظفر…

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Kitbuqa

13th century – 1260

Military leader

Kitbuqa Noyan (died 1260), also spelled Kitbogha, Kitboga, or Ketbugha, was an Eastern Christian of the Naimans, a group that was subservient to the Mongol Empi…

Sinchi Roca

1230 – 1260

Sovereign

Sinchi Roca (c. 1230 – c. 1260), also known as Sinchi Rocca, Cinchi Roca (in Hispanicized spellings), Sinchi Ruq'a and Sinchi Ruq'a Inka (Quechua for "valorous…

Thomas of Celano

1190 – 1260

Poet, Writer, Historian, Composer, Hagiographer, Catholic priest

Thomas of Celano (Italian: Tommaso da Celano; c. 1185 – c. 1265) was an Italian friar of the Franciscans (Order of Friars Minor) as well as a poet and the autho…

Möngke Khan

1209 – 1259

Khan

Below is a revised memorial biography, refined and expanded using only well‑supported facts from reliable sources. Personal information, dates, and events are p…

Christopher I of Denmark

1219 – 1259

Monarch

Christopher I (Danish: Christoffer 1.; 1219 – 29 May 1259) was King of Denmark between 1252 and 1259. He was the son of Valdemar II of Denmark by his second wif…

Matthew Paris

1200 – 1259

Cartographer, Hagiographer, Heraldist, Illuminator, Painter, Writer

Matthew Paris, also known as Matthew of Paris (Latin: Matthæus Parisiensis, lit. 'Matthew the Parisian'; c. 1200 – 1259), was an English Benedictine monk, chron…

Theodore II Laskaris

1221 – 1258

Sovereign, Writer

Theodore II Doukas Laskaris or Ducas Lascaris (Greek: Θεόδωρος Δούκας Λάσκαρις, romanized: Theodōros Doúkās Láskaris; November 1221/1222 – 16 August 1258) was E…

Al-Musta'sim

1213 – 1258

Politician, Caliph

Here is a revised and improved memorial biography for Abū Aḥmad ʿAbd Allāh ibn al‑Mustanṣir, known by his regnal title al‑Mustaʿṣim bi‑llāh, based strictly on w…

Shajar al-Durr

— – 1257

Ruler

Shajar al-Durr (Arabic: شجر الدر, lit. 'Tree of Pearls'), also Shajarat al-Durr (شجرة الدر), whose royal name was al-Malika ʿAṣmat ad-Dīn ʾUmm-Khalīl Shajar ad-…

Aybak

1205 – 1257

Ruler, Military commander

Izz al-Din Aybak (Arabic: عز الدين أيبك) (epithet: al-Malik al-Muʕizz ʕizz ad-Dīn ʔaybak (al-Jāšankīr) at-Turkumāniyy aṣ-Ṣāliḥiyy, Arabic: الملك المعز عز الدين…

William II of Holland

1228 – 1256

Aristocrat

William II (February 1227 – 28 January 1256) was the Count of Holland and Zeeland from 1234 until his death. He was elected anti-king of Germany in 1248 and rul…

Batu Khan

1205 – 1255

Khan, Military leader

Batu Khan (c. 1205–1255) was a Mongol ruler and founder of the Golden Horde, a constituent of the Mongol Empire established after Genghis Khan's demise. Batu wa…

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Sundiata Keita

1190 – 1255

Monarch

Sundiata Keita (Mandinka, Malinke: [sʊndʒæta keɪta]; c. 1217 – c. 1255, N'Ko spelling: ߛߏ߲߬ߖߘߊ߬ ߞߋߕߊ߬; also known as Manding Diara, Lion of Mali, Sogolon Djata,…

Pope Innocent IV

— – 1254

Catholic priest, Catholic bishop

Pope Innocent IV (Latin: Innocentius IV; c. 1195 – 7 December 1254), born Sinibaldo Fieschi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from…

John III Doukas Vatatzes

1192 – 1254

Sovereign

John III Doukas Vatatzes, Latinized as Ducas Vatatzes (Greek: Ἰωάννης Γ´ Δούκας Βατάτζης, romanized: Iōánnēs Doúkās Vatatzēs; c. 1192 – 3 November 1254), was Em…

Conrad IV of Germany

1228 – 1254

Sovereign

Conrad (25 April 1228 – 21 May 1254), a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was the only son of Emperor Frederick II from his second marriage with Queen Isabell…