Amyrtaeus

I reviewed and refined the memorial story of Amyrtaeus using reliable historical sources. I preserved only well-supported facts about his identity, reign, and fate. Here is the improved version:

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Amyrtaeus (Egyptian name Amenirdisu), sometimes referred to in Greek texts as Amyrtaios, was the sole pharaoh of Egypt’s Twenty-eighth Dynasty. His reign, beginning around 404 BC, marked the restoration of native rule after the end of the first Persian occupation (the Twenty‑seventh Dynasty) (en.wikipedia.org). He likely had familial ties to the royal Saite line of the Twenty‑sixth Dynasty and was probably a descendant—perhaps grandson—of the earlier rebel Amyrtaeus who, with Inaros II, led a revolt in 465–463 BC (en.wikipedia.org).

Amyrtaeus initiated his rebellion against Persian rule as early as circa 411 BC, organizing guerrilla resistance from Sais in the western Nile Delta (kiwix.drnathanhutchins.com). Following the death of Persian king Darius II in 404 BC, he proclaimed himself pharaoh. Persian attempts to suppress his uprising were delayed by internal conflict between Artaxerxes II and his brother Cyrus the Younger, allowing Amyrtaeus to consolidate his power (en.wikipedia.org). His rule gradually extended beyond the Delta: Elephantine papyri dated to his regnal Year 5 (circa mid‑400 BC) indicate that his authority had reached Upper Egypt by that point (when-and-who.com).

Few monuments or inscriptions survive from Amyrtaeus’s reign, and much of what is known comes from later historical accounts and papyri (en.wikipedia.org). Diodorus Siculus recounts that he may have executed Admiral Tamos, a former ally of Cyrus the Younger, after Tamos sought refuge in Egypt—perhaps as a gesture of goodwill toward Artaxerxes II (en.wikipedia.org). Amyrtaeus is also thought to have secured support from Sparta, providing grain in exchange for military aid against Persia (livius.org).

Amyrtaeus’s reign ended when he was defeated in open battle by Nepherites I of Mendes, founder of the Twenty‑ninth Dynasty. Historical evidence—including the Aramaic papyrus known as Brooklyn 13—suggests he was executed in Memphis around October 399 BC (en.wikipedia.org). After his defeat, the capital shifted to Mendes, and his dynasty came to a close (en.wikipedia.org).

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This account retains only verifiable details regarding Amyrtaeus’s lineage, revolt, reign, and downfall, based on current scholarly consensus.